NTFS PERMISSIONS TROUBLESHOOTING FAQ

This is a classic NTFS permissions conflict where List Folder Contents is granted but Read permissions are missing:

Common causes:

• Incorrect permission assignment - List Folder Contents allows browsing but not file access
• Inheritance breaks - Parent folder permissions not flowing to child objects
• Explicit deny permissions - Deny permissions override allow permissions
• Share vs NTFS conflict - Share permissions may be more restrictive

How to diagnose:

icacls "C:\Path\To\Folder" /T # Check effective permissions for specific user icacls "C:\Path\To\Folder" /findsid username

Solution steps:

• Grant Read & Execute instead of just List Folder Contents
• Reset inheritance - Right-click -> Properties -> Security -> Advanced -> Enable inheritance
• Check for deny entries - Remove unnecessary deny permissions
• Verify share permissions - Ensure they're not blocking access

'Access Denied' with apparently correct permissions is frustrating but usually has specific causes:

Hidden permission issues to check:

• File ownership - User may not be the owner despite having permissions
• Explicit deny permissions - Check for deny entries (they override allows)
• Share permissions conflict - Most restrictive permission wins
• UAC elevation required - Admin permissions needed but not elevated
• File in use - Another process has exclusive lock
• Encrypted files (EFS) - Only encrypting user can access

Systematic troubleshooting approach:

# 1. Check effective permissions whoami /groups icacls "C:\Path\To\File" # 2. Take ownership if needed takeown /F "C:\Path\To\File" /A # 3. Reset permissions icacls "C:\Path\To\File" /reset /T # 4. Check for open handles openfiles /query /fo table | find "filename"

Advanced solutions:

• Process Monitor - Use Sysinternals tool to see exact access failures
• Safe mode access - Bypass third-party security software
• SYSTEM account - Use PsExec to run as SYSTEM
• Linux boot disk - Last resort for critical file recovery

File permission behavior during copy/move operations follows specific Windows rules that often surprise administrators:

Permission inheritance rules:

• Copy within same volume - Inherits destination folder permissions
• Move within same volume - Retains original permissions
• Copy to different volume - Inherits destination permissions
• Move to different volume - Inherits destination (actually copy+delete)

Why this causes problems:

• Sensitive files become accessible when copied to public folders
• Access is lost when moving files between departments
• Backup/restore operations don't preserve permissions
• Folder restructuring breaks established access patterns

Best practices to preserve permissions:

# Robocopy preserves permissions robocopy source dest /E /COPYALL /R:1 /W:1 # Xcopy with permission preservation xcopy source dest /O /X /E /H /K # PowerShell with security descriptor Copy-Item -Path source -Destination dest -Recurse -Force

Prevention strategies:

• Use Robocopy for all server file operations
• Document permission requirements before moves
• Test with non-critical data first
• Implement permission templates for common scenarios
• Audit permissions after major file operations

Permission inheritance issues are among the most common NTFS problems, causing inconsistent access across folder structures:

Signs of inheritance problems:

• Subfolders have different permissions than parent
• New files don't get expected permissions
• 'Include inheritable permissions' is unchecked
• Security tab shows 'Special permissions'
• Inconsistent access within same folder tree

Diagnostic commands:

# Show inheritance status icacls "C:\Path" /T | find "(I)" # Find folders with broken inheritance Get-ChildItem -Recurse | Get-Acl | Where {$_.AreAccessRulesProtected} # Export permissions for analysis icacls "C:\Path" /save permissions.txt /T

Fix inheritance issues:

• Enable inheritance - Security -> Advanced -> Enable inheritance
• Replace child permissions - Check 'Replace all child object permissions'
• Remove explicit permissions - Delete non-inherited entries
• Reset using icacls - icacls * /reset /T /C /Q

Best practices for inheritance:

• Set permissions at root - Let inheritance flow down
• Minimize explicit permissions - Use only when necessary
• Document breaks - Track why inheritance was disabled
• Regular audits - Check for inheritance breaks monthly

When GUI permissions look correct but access fails, you're likely dealing with effective permissions conflicts:

Hidden factors affecting access:

• Group membership conflicts - User in multiple groups with different permissions
• Token limitations - Windows limits users to ~1000 group memberships
• Domain vs local groups - Local groups may override domain permissions
• Cached credentials - Old permissions cached in user session
• Special identities - CREATOR OWNER, INTERACTIVE affect access

How to check effective permissions:

# Check user's group membership whoami /groups # Test effective permissions icacls "C:\Path" /findsid username # PowerShell effective permissions (Get-Acl "C:\Path").Access | Where {$_.IdentityReference -match "username"} # Use AccessChk from Sysinternals accesschk.exe -dq username "C:\Path"

Common resolution steps:

• Log off/on - Refreshes group membership and tokens
• Check deny permissions - One deny overrides all allows
• Verify share permissions - Most restrictive wins
• Review group memberships - Remove conflicting groups
• Check special identities - SYSTEM, CREATOR OWNER rights

Excessive 'Everyone' permissions are a serious security risk that needs immediate attention:

Security risks of Everyone:Full Control:

• Any user can delete critical files
• Ransomware can encrypt accessible files
• Sensitive data exposed to all users
• Compliance violations (HIPAA, GDPR, SOX)

PowerShell script to find risky permissions:

# Find folders with Everyone Full Control $path = "C:\" Get-ChildItem $path -Recurse -Directory -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Get-Acl | Where-Object { $_.Access | Where-Object { $_.IdentityReference -eq "Everyone" -and $_.FileSystemRights -match "FullControl" } } | Select-Object Path # Export results to CSV $results | Export-Csv "C:\RiskyPermissions.csv" -NoTypeInformation

Remediation approach:

• Replace with Authenticated Users - More secure than Everyone
• Implement least privilege - Grant only necessary permissions
• Use specific groups - Create department/role-based groups
• Remove and re-add correctly - Don't just modify existing

Proper permission structure:

• Domain Users - Read & Execute only
• Department Groups - Modify for their folders
• Administrators - Full Control
• SYSTEM - Full Control (for backups)

This warning indicates ACL (Access Control List) corruption or non-canonical ordering that can cause unpredictable behavior:

What causes incorrect ordering:

• Manual ACL editing - Direct security descriptor manipulation
• Legacy migration tools - Old backup/restore utilities
• Third-party software - Poorly written security tools
• Interrupted permission changes - System crash during ACL update
• Cross-platform transfers - Samba/NFS permission mapping

Canonical ACL order (must be maintained):

• 1. Explicit Deny permissions
• 2. Explicit Allow permissions
• 3. Inherited Deny permissions
• 4. Inherited Allow permissions

How to fix incorrect ordering:

# Method 1: Reset permissions completely icacls "C:\Problem\Folder" /reset /T /C /Q # Method 2: Save and restore permissions icacls "C:\Problem\Folder" /save AclFile /T icacls "C:\Problem\Folder" /restore AclFile # Method 3: PowerShell ACL rebuild $acl = Get-Acl "C:\Problem\Folder" $acl.SetAccessRuleProtection($false, $true) Set-Acl "C:\Problem\Folder" $acl

Prevention strategies:

• Always use Windows GUI or icacls for permission changes
• Avoid direct security descriptor editing
• Test third-party tools thoroughly
• Regular ACL integrity checks